There is a war going on right now, in the streets of the United States. The outcome of this war will determine the future of this country for the next hundred years. Chances are good that you’ve heard about it, but have no idea what it means. Details are scarce, but let me fill you in on some details.
Electrons in Wonderland
Priuses and Patents. Hydrogen Hummers and Homemade Hybrids. These are the weapons being waged. At stake? The privilege to be paid to fuel America’s need for mobility. The future of transportation in the US is obviously electric, whether it be in a hybrid vehicle or 100% electric vehicle, this is unavoidable. But ever wonder why hybrids really aren’t taking off that fast? After all, this technology has the potential to save Americans billions per year, while significantly lessening the strain on our environment. As it turns out, the issue is money, of course.
The batteries in electric cars (hybrid or electric) need to be very powerful. So powerful, in fact, that we need to use very powerful nickel metal hydride batteries. NiMH batteries are the same as the ones in your TV remote, but obviously a bit larger in vehicles. However, if these batteries are able to be so strong, why is it so hard to make an affordable electric or hybrid-electric car? The answer, it seems, is in a clash between two massive corporations. And into the rabbit hole we go…
Ovonic Battery Company is the leading developer of advanced materials for NiMH batteries. After all, this makes sense, as Stanford Ovshinsky founded the company in the 1960 for NiMH development. Ovonic is a subsidiary of Energy Conversion Devices, who currently holds the NiMH patent. ECD makes commercial and transportation NiMH batteries via it’s spinoff copany, Cobasys. Cobasis is a joint operation between ECD and ChevronTexaco.
Uh, what?
That’s right, the 125-year-old petroleum company has a substantial stake in the production of commercial-grade NiMH batteries. You might be asking yourself what a company that has spent billions on an industry to serve you gasoline might want with the manufacturing arm of the NiMH patent holders. The answer is easy: to keep you buying gas. You’d better believe that ChevronTexaco would rather have you fill up with gas than recharge an electric car with a solar panel while you’re at work, or with a few dollars of electric while you sleep.
A new hope from the land of the rising sun
Panasonic thought they’d partner with Toyota and make a fortune bringing in the new era of transportation with vehicles like the Toyota RAV4 EV. This was a ‘normal’ car with a 100 mile range. It was relatively affordable and cost a fraction per mile of its gas siblings. Since it could be set to charge while you sleep, you’d never know the difference, except for the missing tailpipe, gas door and extra cash on the wallet. In addition, they would easily cruise at 80 mph. I know all of these things because I’ve driven one. They were sold in the US for a very short time, and several exist, despite attempts to have them erased from automotive history. My family was lucky enough to find one at the end of its lease, and it happily powers around in the mountains of Colorado to this day. For a vehicle that costs nearly nothing to maintain (no coolant, oil, gas, ignition, emissions, etc.)and an original MSRP of about $17,000 (most sold for over MSRP – now they sell for $40K with 30K on the odometer), one could make the argument that this is the ideal vehicle for most people.
Counterstrike
So what happened? As it turns out, to have an electric vehicle come close to the performance of a gas vehicle, you need a powerful battery. A NiMH is the only type that is powerful enough to get to the 80 Amp/hour range to provide good performance at an attractive price. (An amp-hour is defined as “constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2×10–7 newton per meter of length.” In English, this means it measures how much and how hard electricity is being shoved down the pipe. For the RAV4 EV, Panasonic found they would have to make a battery rumored to be as high as 85Ah. They made this battery for Toyota and implemented it successfully in the RAV4 EV.
Unfortunately for Panasonic, Toyota and automotive progress, Panasonic wasn’t supposed to make batteries good enough for vehicles. Cobasys, of which Chevron is a 50% stakeholder, limits the Ah of commercial NiMH batteries when someone requests a license to their NiMH batteries. Although the Ah limit numbers are confidential, the limits have been leaked to be in the range of 10 Ah, and only to be used (and only suitable for) hybrid-electric applications.
In 2003, Cobasys sued Panasonic for making the electric car batteries instead of the hybrid batteries and eventually won $30 million in late February, 2006. The advent of the electric car had been successfully blocked, and as the RAV4 EV’s disappeared from the dealership lots, people attributed it to a lack of interest or failure of the vehicle to be a workable commuting vehicle. The inability of Panasonic to offer replacement batteries for these vehicles looked like it would send them to the scrap heap within a few years when the batteries needed to be replaced. Or so we thought.
The new kid on the block
You may have heard about President Bush visiting Johnson Controls recently to have a look at their Lithium Ion batteries. Li-Ion is a battery like NiMH, but gives off more power in a battery of the same size, and are much lighter (which becomes very important when the battery has to move itself around in a vehicle). In addition, Li-Ion batteries don’t ‘go dead’ as quickly when you use them, and can survive a lot longer than NiMH when being constantly charged.
In the past, Li-Ion batteries were only used in cell phones and laptops for good reason. Li-Ion costs just as much as NiMH to manufacture, but due it its construction is prone to a 30%+ failure rate. When you are making AA batteries for a remote or a cell phone battery, it hurts to throw away every third battery, but due to the power gains and weight savings, it is acceptable. Laptops are at the edge of this compromise, as they can’t live without Li-Ion due to their weight and power requirements, and the battery costs too much to produce. Since the alternative is no laptops, manufacturers compromise by using lower-powered (and lower performance) parts, and charging more for a laptop, due to the cos of throwing away one $100+ battery for every two produced. About $50 is added onto the other batteries to compensate.
In an electric vehicle system, a Li-Ion battery of sufficient power would be somewhere in the range of $3000. A much better cost solution would be NiMH, but we already know why that won’t happen. So what is the big deal with Johnson Controls rolling out a new Li-Ion battery for gas-electric hybrids? They’re starting to find a way to make Li-Ion cheap enough to work.
In late September, 2005, Johnson Controls built a new $4 million research facility dedicated to developing Li-Ion batteries for Hybrid and Full Electric vehicles. The new facility is sponsored by $14.4 million from the United States Advanced Battery Consortium, a group of companies consisting of DaimlerChrysler, Ford and GM, along with the US Department of Energy (the “Big Three” manufacture basically every car not made in Japan). Note the absence of anyone interested in preserving the gasoline-based infrastructure.
The next two years, 2006-2008
It will be interesting to see where we go from this point. We seem to be on an electric car breakthrough wih new battery technology that isn’t controlled by a dominant petroleum company. The idea of the electric car being weak is shattered by this Lithium-Ion 180-mph prototype sportscar. It appears as if President Bush has expressed a dedication towards advancing large-scale Li-Ion battery development in the US with his support of our main research lab. For everything people say about Bush, this may well be one of the things he is most remembered for: eliminating our dependence on foreign oil and electric vehicle technology.
What can you do?
If people only knew how hard Cobasys has worked to keep the gas flowing to you and the money flowing to them. (And the emissions flowing to the environment). The best thing you can do is to get the word out. Link to this post. Write about it. Tell your friends. Write the people who represent you in government and tell them you support Li-Ion and Electric Vehicle technology in the US. You support budgeting that will give the Johnson Controls battery lab what they need to make an easily-manufactured Electric Vehicle Li-Ion battery. You need to tell them these things yourself. Gasoline companies have invested millions in lobbyists, whose sole goal is to perpetuate our addiction to gasoline.
Finally, do all of these things for yourself. Even if you don’t care about the environmental effects, do it for the money you’ll save on gas and complex gasoline-powered vehicles. Do it because it’s the right thing to do. Do it because you’re a Technocrat.
This won’t be a war fought with guns at the expense of soldiers. This will be a war fought with patents and corporations, meant to continue a source of revenue for companies that believe in purchasing political power.
At stake is the right to use the best solution possible to solve one of the world’s greatest problems.
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I’ve made as best an effort as I could to verify the historical facts from sources close to the action. Due to the confidential nature of many of these events, it has been extremely rough putting them together. If you have any information or corrections, please let me know. My main goal is to get the information out and have it be as accurate as possible.